Q. I am on Medicare and Social Security, my wife recently became self-employed and needs health insurance from the state exchange, as she’s not yet old enough to qualify for Medicare. How do we figure our household income? Does my Social Security count toward household income, even though I will not be buying insurance?
A. To determine subsidy eligibility, the IRS and the health insurance exchange/Marketplace use an ACA-specific version of modified adjusted gross income (MAGI). MAGI is based on household income, even if only one spouse is applying for a policy in the exchange. And yes, Social Security income is counted in MAGI.
Keep in mind that subsidy eligibility is a function of income related to the poverty level. Although your total household income is higher than your wife’s income alone, the poverty level for a household of two is also higher than the poverty level for a household of one. So while your income is counted when determining whether she’ll qualify for a subsidy, you’re also counted as part of the household when determining how the household’s income compares with the poverty level.
Are there income limits for ACA subsidy eligibility?
Normally, subsidy eligibility only extends to households with income up to 400% of the poverty level, with no subsidies available for households with income above that point. But from 2021 through 2025, the American Rescue Plan and Inflation Reduction Act have eliminated that income threshold. Subsidies are available for households with income above 400% of the poverty level if the cost of the benchmark plan (second-lowest-cost silver plan) would otherwise be more than 8.5% of the household’s income.
So technically there is still an income limit for subsidy eligibility, but it varies depending on the applicant’s age and location, since those determine the cost of the benchmark plan. In an area where premiums are higher than average, and if the person is on the higher end of the age range, subsidy eligibility will extend far above 400% of the poverty level. But for a younger person in an area where premiums are fairly inexpensive, subsidy eligibility will stop at much lower income levels.
Will we qualify for a subsidy?
The exchange will look to see what percentage of your total household income is necessary to cover the full-price cost of the benchmark plan for your wife. If it’s more than the percentage of income that people are expected to pay for their coverage, she’ll qualify for a premium subsidy. But the amount that you pay for your Medicare coverage will not be counted; they will only look at how much your wife’s policy costs as a percentage of your total household income. Here are some examples of how differing family sizes affect total subsidy amounts, as it can sometimes be a bit counter-intuitive.
To qualify for a subsidy, married applicants must file joint tax returns. If your wife experienced a qualifying event (for example, losing her employer-sponsored plan when she became self-employed), she can enroll in the exchange during the special enrollment period triggered by her qualifying event. If not, she’ll have access to individual market plans when open enrollment begins again on November 1.
For any year that she receives advance premium tax credits (subsidies) during the year (or if she pays full price through the exchange but ends up with a household income that makes her subsidy-eligible), she’ll need to use Form 8962 to reconcile her subsidy on your joint tax return. The exchange will send her Form 1095-A, which will provide the information necessary to complete Form 8962.
Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.
