EDIT: 4/20/2023: HHS has finalized a rule that will make some changes as of 2024. HHS will no longer design a standardized bronze plan, although they will continue to create a standardized plan design at the expanded Bronze level. HHS is also going to limit the number of non-standardized plans that insurers can offer via HealthCare.gov: Starting in 2024, it will be limited to four non-standardized plans per metal level, product type (HMO, EPO, etc.), and whether or not the plan includes dental/vision benefits. Starting in 2025, that limit will drop to two non-standardized plans per each of those metrics.
EDIT: 5/10/2022: HHS has finalized the proposed rule. As of 2023, health plans that offer coverage through HealthCare.gov must offer standardized health plans. They can also choose to offer non-standardized plans. But they must also offer standardized plans throughout their service area, and at every metal level and with every network type as their non-standardized plans.
EDIT, 1/2/2022: HHS has issued the proposed rules for 2023, with details about the revitalization of standardized plans. The specifics will be finalized in the spring of 2022, but the proposal calls for standardized plans to be mandatory as of 2023 (the Simple Choice plans that debuted in 2017 were optional for carriers to offer). In any area where an insurer offers non-standardized plans, they would also have to offer standardized plans. HHS has proposed standardized plan designs for each metal level, with various elements of the plan standardized (deductible, out-of-pocket maximum, etc.). At Health Affairs, Katie Keith has a summary of what HHS has proposed.
EDIT, 7/1/2021: HHS has issued a proposed rule that would reinstate standardized plans on HealthCare.gov as of the 2023 plan year. In March 2021, in the City of Columbus v. Cochran lawsuit, a court overturned the 2019 rule change that eliminated Simple Choice plans. In order to comply with the court’s decision, HHS will begin the process of once again creating standardized plans. There isn’t time for this to happen for the 2022 plan year, but HHS is collecting public comments on how to best proceed with standardized plan options that will be available in the fall of 2022, for 2023 effective dates.
EDIT, 4/9/2018: HHS has finalized the earlier proposal regarding Simple Choice plans. The federal government will not create any standardized plan options for 2019, so plan designs will be up to insurers, within the general constraints of the ACA and state regulations.
EDIT, 1/12/2018: In the proposed Benefit and Payment Parameters for 2019, HHS has proposed eliminating the Simple Choice program. HHS provided parameters for insurers to follow for the optional Simple Choice plans that were available in 2017 and again for 2018, and those plans were differentially displayed on HealthCare.gov in the areas where insurers offered them (since Simple Choice plans have been optional, not all insurers offer them and they aren’t available in all areas that use HealthCare.gov).
But the agency is not proposing any sort of plan standardization for 2019. The proposed rules note that HHS is concerned that their process of differentially displaying Simple Choice plans in 2017 and 2018 might have limited enrollment in non-standardized plans, thus “removing incentives for
issuers to offer coverage with innovative plan designs.”
In the proposed rule, HHS noted that their focus for 2019 will be on encouraging insurers to offer HSA-qualified high deductible health plans (HDHPs), and they are considering ways that the plan display system on HealthCare.gov could be used to “promote the availability of HDHPs.” So rather than differentially displaying standardized plan options, it appears that HHS is considering ways to differentially display HDHPs.
State-run exchanges that have their own enrollment platforms will still be able to require and/or differentially display standardized plans in 2019 and beyond, regardless of whether HHS finalizes their proposal to eliminate the Simple Choice program.
Last month, HealthCare.gov CEO Kevin Counihan announced that “Simple Choice” plans will be available through ACA’s marketplaces when open enrollment begins in November. In the announcement, he promised that the new plans – “with a uniform set of features” – will make it easier for consumers to compare apples to apples, instead of having to meticulously compare the details of every plan.
In a nutshell, Counihan was talking about the standardization of ACA-compliant health plans – a step beyond ACA’s metal level classifications and standardized essential benefits and toward an even more user-friendly consumer marketplace.
Obamacare began standardization
When the Affordable Care Act was written, lawmakers had to walk a fine line between allowing healthcare and health insurance to continue to be provided by private entities, while also including enough government regulations to ensure that coverage and care would be accessible and affordable for as many people as possible.
As a result, we now have a system that still relies on private health insurance carriers, but requires them to follow a new set of regulations. Within this framework, there’s already some basic standardization of ACA-compliant health plans.
Individual and small-group plans must fall into one of four metal-level classifications (Bronze, Silver, Gold, or Platinum; catastrophic plans are also allowed in the individual market), based on the percentage of costs that the plan will cover for the average insured. (This is called actuarial value, or AV.) AV is standardized within a four percentage-point range – so for example, all Silver plans must have an AV between 68 and 72 percent.
All plans cover essential health benefits, annual out-of-pocket maximums cannot exceed $6,850 (this is increasing to $7,150 in 2017), and coverage eligibility no longer depends on medical history.
But in most states, as long as carriers adhere to the ACA’s basic rules, they still have flexibility in how their plans are designed. This is why one Bronze plan can have a $4,500 deductible and another can have a $6,000 deductible, but both are ACA-compliant.
States move toward standardization
Now that we’re a few years into ACA implementation, policymakers are beginning to question whether there should be more standardization across health plans. Plan standardization is certainly not the norm at this point, but several states have implemented varying degrees of standardization:
- California’s exchange only allows for standardized plan designs, with no non-standardized options available. They have enrolled 1.6 million people in standardized exchange plans for 2016.
- Massachusetts has had standardized plans in the individual market since 2010, but the exchange in Massachusetts allows carriers to sell non-standardized plans as well.
- The DC exchange introduced standardized plans for 2016, but the requirement is simply that for each metal level in which a carrier offers plans, the carrier must offer a standardized plan at that level. The standardized plans exempt a significant amount of outpatient care from the deductible, and cover it with copays instead.
Coming to a plan near you in 2017
For 2017, HealthCare.gov will be debuting standardized plans as well. HHS finalized standardized plan designs for the federally facilitated exchange (FFE) in the 2017 Benefit and Payment Parameters (BPP). Here’s how it will work:
Standardized plans will be optional in the FFE in 2017 – carriers don’t have to offer them, and are free to offer non-standardized plans in addition to, or instead of, standardized plans.
HHS developed six standardized plans: one Bronze, one Silver, one Gold, and three additional Silver plans for enrollees who qualify for cost-sharing subsidies. HHS did not create a standardized Platinum plan, since very few carriers offer Platinum plans.
Plans will be standardized based on specific areas of cost-sharing, and some outpatient care will be covered with copays without the patient having to meet the deductible. Areas of standardization include the deductible, out-of-pocket maximum, office visits (including mental health, primary care, and specialists), urgent care, emergency room visits, inpatient hospitalization, lab work, x-rays and imaging, rehabilitative care, outpatient surgery and facility fees, skilled nursing, and four tiers of prescription drugs.
So for example, all standardized Gold plans will have a $1,250 deductible and $20 primary care visits. (See page 309 of the BPP for a complete list of the cost-sharing for each standardized plan.)
For benefit areas that aren’t specifically addressed in the standardized plan design (including things like embedded pediatric dental, habilitative care, and inpatient behavioral health treatment), carriers will be free to set their own cost-sharing levels, as long as they meet the AV guidelines and comply with existing requirements such as mental health parity.
Plans similar to 2015 QHPs
The plans are pretty similar to what’s available today across a broad swath of the marketplace. In announcing the standardized plan designs, HHS explained that they “designed the plans to be as similar as possible to the 2015 QHPs … in order to minimize disruption to the market and impact on premiums.”
- HHS did not include a standardized HSA-qualified health plan among the options they laid out for 2017, so enrollees who want an HSA-qualified plan will need to shop among the non-standardized plan options. California’s exchange does have a standardized Bronze-level HSA-qualified plan design – currently it’s a $4,500 deductible, 40 percent coinsurance, and a $6,500 out-of-pocket maximum.
- Standardized plans may have only one network tier, as opposed to multi-tiered plans that allow for different out-of-pocket costs depending on which providers are used. This is still generally the norm (HHS noted that in 2015, only 14 percent of enrollees were in a plan with a multi-tiered network), but multi-tiered networks are gaining traction as carriers look for ways to reduce premiums. HHS noted that they are watching this trend to see if further guidance will be necessary. But for 2017, standardized plans will have a single-tier provider network. Beyond that however, networks will still vary considerably among standardized plans.
- A carrier would be permitted to offer multiple versions of a standardized plan as long as there is a “meaningful difference” between the plans. An example would be for a carrier to offer both an HMO and a PPO at the same metal level, both with standardized plan designs – so their cost-sharing would be identical for the metrics that HHS is using.
How to find the plans
We don’t know how widespread standardized plans will be on HealthCare.gov in 2017, as plan proposals for 2017 are currently under review and have not yet been finalized. Standardized plans will be “differentially displayed,” but consumer testing is currently being conducted to determine the best way to do this. One way or another, HealthCare.gov is planning to highlight the standardized plans so that shoppers can clearly find them.
A blog post from CMS about Simple Choice plans (since removed) notes that the plan-comparison tool will have “clear visual cues that show consumers the plans that are easy to compare vs. the ones that should be researched for differences” (with the caveat that there will still be differences among standardized plans, including networks and formularies).
If that’s the case, we can assume that carriers may make their decision about whether or not to offer standardized plans based on whether they’re trying to gain market share in the exchanges (some carriers have indicated that they aren’t, while others clearly are), since plans that are displayed first tend to be more likely to be purchased.
The debate over standardization
Some consumer advocates have called on HHS to transition to mandatory standardized plans as quickly as possible, making HealthCare.gov more like Covered California. Others have resisted this idea, claiming that standardized plan designs stifle carriers’ ability to use innovative plan designs to lower costs and thus lower premiums.
Numerous lawmakers sent a letter to CMS, expressing their concerns that standardized plan designs and their prominent display on HealthCare.gov could stifle innovation and consumer choice, and might “pick winners and losers by propping up plans that meet arbitrary requirements … ”
But carriers seem to be embracing standardized plans, and are not shunning the markets that have implemented standardization. California, New York, and Massachusetts all have at least ten carriers offering individual coverage through their exchanges in 2016, and all of them have at least some standardized plan requirements.
There are certainly compelling reasons for transitioning to standardized plans in the exchanges. Standardized plan designs make it easier for consumers to compare the available options, and also tend to include copays instead of coinsurance for frequently used services. (Consumers generally prefer copays as it can be difficult to plan for a percentage of an unknown cost.)
Standardized plans also make it harder for insurance carriers to design their plans to be unappealing to chronically ill enrollees. Health Affairs’ Douglas Jacobs has laid out a good case for how standardized plans reduce discrimination against people with significant health conditions, although it’s worth noting that the standardized plan states in the study – California, New York, and Massachusetts – all had strict regulations in terms of cost-sharing for specialty medications (and California has since capped specialty drug costs at $250/month, instead of using coinsurance).
Standardized plans on HealthCare.gov in 2017 will not have the sort of limits used in states like California, New York, and Massachusetts; instead, specialty drugs will have coinsurance ranging from 45 percent on Bronze plans to 30 percent on Gold plans. (Silver plans with cost sharing subsidies will have specialty drug coinsurance ranging from 25 percent to 40 percent, depending on the enrollee’s income.) And carriers will still be able to determine their own formularies, as long as they remain in compliance with ACA regulations.
So while the improvements that Health Affairs found in terms of discrimination will no doubt translate to some degree to standardized plans offered through HealthCare.gov, it’s doubtful that the impact will be as significant as it is in states that have imposed stricter limits on specialty drug costs.
It’s important to note that not all aspects of the plan’s benefits will be standardized, and there will continue to be significant variation in provider networks and drug formularies – consumers will still have to be diligent in their shopping, but the Simple Choice plans are an effort to make it easier.
What about premiums?
There are concerns that premiums could increase if standardization requirements include numerous services covered with copays without being subject to the deductible. But at the same time, high deductibles with few covered services prior to the deductible sometimes mean that people can’t afford to use their coverage; the key is to find the happy medium somewhere in the middle.
The standardized plans that HHS has created appear to do that. Several services (primary care, specialist visits, outpatient mental health, and urgent care) are covered with copays prior to the deductible on most of the plans. But the deductible applies to most other services, which seems like a solid compromise to keep both premiums and treatment affordable.
California’s exchange, which has had standardized plans from the start, has experienced very modest average rate increases in 2015 and 2016. And for 2016, the average benchmark premium in Los Angeles is lower than average benchmark premiums in major metropolitan areas in 38 other states (although average premiums are higher in Northern California). For 2017, the proposed average rate increase for California’s exchange plans is the third-lowest of the 29 states where proposed rates have been published.
Standardized plans don’t push brokers out
From a broker perspective, a criticism of standardized plans is that they could be seen as an attempt to make brokers obsolete, since theoretically it’s easier to compare health plans when they’re standardized. But 39 percent of California exchange enrollees used a broker in 2014, as opposed to about 38 percent in Colorado – virtually identical, despite the fact that plans were standardized in California and were not standardized in Colorado.
And Medicare supplement (Medigap) plans are an example of a highly standardized market: in all but three states, Medigap plans are universally standardized (Minnesota, Massachusetts and Wisconsin have their own standardization rules). And there’s no difference in networks for Medigap plans; as long as the patient sees a Medicare participating provider, the Medigap plan will pick up the excess charges according to the plan design.
Medigap plans only differ in terms of how they’re priced and the quality, reputation, and brand recognition of the carrier. And yet there’s still a booming business for brokers who assist consumers with the Medigap selection/enrollment process.
Standardized plans going forward
It’s too soon to tell what direction HHS will ultimately go in terms of standardized plans. It’s possible that we could eventually end up with only standardized plans, or a requirement that all carriers offer at least some standardized plans. Or HHS may opt to keep standardization optional, and let consumer demand determine the outcome.
Regardless, HHS has indicated that some level of plan standardization is in consumers’ best interest. When window shopping for next year’s plans becomes available in the fall, we’ll be able to see whether carriers are emphasizing standardized plans for 2017. And then it will be up to consumers to determine whether the standardized plans fit their needs and budgets, and whether they make the shopping process easier.
Louise Norris is an individual health insurance broker who has been writing about health insurance and health reform since 2006. She has written dozens of opinions and educational pieces about the Affordable Care Act for healthinsurance.org.
