Health insurance Marketplace by state

You are not required to buy coverage through the Marketplace. There is no longer a federal penalty for not having health coverage (although DC and four states have state-based penalties for people who choose to remain uninsured). And even when there was a federal penalty, people could choose to purchase their coverage off-exchange instead of buying a plan through the Marketplace (with the exception of DC, where individual and small-group coverage is only available through the Marketplace).

But if you don’t buy your coverage through the exchange, you cannot obtain premium tax credits or cost-sharing reductions, even if you’d otherwise be eligible for them (and most people are eligible for subsidies). This is one of the primary reasons people shop in the Marketplace, as full-price individual health insurance premiums would simply be too costly for most people.

In each state, the health insurance Marketplace allows consumers to select from among a variety of private health insurance companies that offer different qualified health plans. (In a few rural areas of the United States, only one insurer offers medical plans for sale in the Marketplace, but there will still be a variety of plan options available).²

All qualified plans offered for sale in the Marketplace must be ACA-compliant – meeting standards established and enforced by the federal and state governments. So when a person shops in the health insurance Marketplace, they can be sure that the participating insurers will not use medical underwriting or exclude pre-existing conditions. All of the available plans will cover the ACA’s essential health benefits without annual or lifetime benefit caps.

Income-based premium subsidies and cost-sharing reductions are only available through the health insurance Marketplace, and are a key aspect of keeping health insurance premiums and out-of-pocket costs affordable for lower-income and middle-class Americans.

With the exception of people who are enrolled in Medicare coverage, virtually all Americans are eligible to use the health insurance Marketplace as long as they’re lawfully present in the U.S.

And starting November 1, 2024, DACA recipients can use the Marketplace and qualify for income-based subsidies. That wasn’t the case in previous years, even though DACA recipients are considered lawfully present. But the Biden administration finalized a rule change in 2024 that allows DACA recipients to utilize the Marketplace.³)

But practically speaking, the Marketplaces were designed to provide coverage for individuals and families who were either uninsured or already buying their own health insurance. This includes people who are self-employed, people who are employed by a small business that doesn’t offer health benefits, and people who have retired before age 65 and are thus too young to be covered by Medicare.

The majority of Americans under age 65 get their coverage from an employer, which means they don’t need to use the Marketplace. They can choose to decline their employer’s coverage and select a plan in the Marketplace instead, but they won’t be eligible for financial assistance unless the employer’s coverage wouldn’t be considered affordable and/or wouldn’t provide minimum value.

Most Americans under age 65 who are eligible for Medicaid can use the Marketplace to enroll in Medicaid, or at least to determine their eligibility for Medicaid. In some states, the Medicaid enrollment process is completed via the Marketplace, while in other states, the Marketplace sends the consumer’s information to the state Medicaid agency to finalize the eligibility and/or enrollment process.

A state’s health insurance Marketplace can be run by the state, by the federal government, or both. As of the 2024 plan year:

• DC and 18 states have fully state-run Marketplaces, which means they oversee the Marketplace and operate their own website and call center (examples are GetCoveredNJ, Pennie, Vermont Health Connect, Washington Healthplanfinder, etc.).
• Twenty-three states rely fully on the federal government for their Marketplaces. They use the HealthCare.gov website and customer service call center.
• Three states (Arkansas, Oregon, and Georgia) have state-based Marketplaces that use the federal platform (SBM-FP), which means they oversee their own marketplace but rely on HealthCare.gov for enrollment.
• Six states have state-federal partnership Marketplaces, which are similar to the states that rely fully on the federally run Marketplace, but involve more state participation in oversight and management (all of these states use HealthCare.gov for enrollment).

You can find more information here about the types of health insurance Marketplaces, how they work, which model each state uses, and how states’ approaches to this have changed over time.

There is an open enrollment period each fall when people can enroll in coverage through the Marketplace or change their coverage for the coming year (the same open enrollment window also applies to plans that are available outside the Marketplace, purchased directly from the insurance companies).

In most states, the open enrollment period is November 1 to January 15, with coverage effective either January 1 or February 1, depending on when the person enrolls. But there are some state-run exchanges that have different deadlines.

Outside of the annual open enrollment period, a special enrollment period is necessary in order to enroll in a plan through the health insurance Marketplace (or outside the Marketplace, directly through an insurer) or change to a different plan. Special enrollment periods are triggered by a variety of qualifying life events, and will give you at least 60 days to select a new medical plan.